Glossary
Carbon Dioxide Emissions: Emissions stemming from the burning of fossil fuels and the manufacture of cement; they include carbon dioxide produced during consumption of solid, liquid, and gas fuels as well as gas flaring. (Eurostat, n.d.)
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Cheilinus undulatus: Humphead Wrasse (Dictionary.com, 2022)
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Coral bleaching: When corals are stressed by changes in conditions such as temperature, light, or nutrients, they expel the symbiotic algae living in their tissues, causing them to turn completely white. (NOAA, 2021)
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Crown-of-thorns starfish: a starfish, Acanthaster planci, that feeds on living coral polyps, causing erosion and destruction of coral reefs. (Dictionary.com)
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Cyanide: A compound of cyanogen with a more electropositive element or group (Dictionary.com, 2022)
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Degradation: The process in which human activities disrupt and make habitats less suitable for organisms (Habitat Degradation, n.d.)
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Depletion: to lessen markedly in quantity, content, power, or value (Dictionary.com, 2022)
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Ecommerce: a business that is transacted by transferring data electronically, especially over the internet. (Dictionary.com)
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Ecosystem: The complex of a community of organisms and its environment functioning as an ecological unit (Dictionary.com, 2022)
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Ecotourisim: Responsible travel to natural areas in which they conserve the environment, sustain the well-being of the local people, and involve interpretation and education. (International Eco tourism Society, n.d.)
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Extinction: The complete disappearance of a species from Earth. (National Geographic, n.d.)
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Fragmentation: When a group of organisms living in an ecosystem are separated from other species of organisms and as a result there is a loss of biodiversity and increased isolation of species (Population Fragmentation, 2014).
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Habitat:A place where an organism makes its home, that meets the environmental conditions that an organisim needs to surive. (National Geographic, n.d.)
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Indo-Pacific Ocean: the areas of the Indian and Pacific oceans off the coast of SE Asia. (Dictionary.com)
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Invertabrate: an animal lacking a backbone, such as an arthropod, mollusk, annelid, coelenterate, etc. The invertebrates constitute an artificial division of the animal kingdom, comprising 95 percent of animal species and about 30 different phyla. (Dictionary.com, 2022)
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Keystone Species: Keystone species are those which have an extremely high impact on a particular ecosystem relative to its population. (Biology Dictionary, 2017)
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Mutualistic Relationship: A type of symbiotic relationship in which many species benefit from each other (Osterloff, n.d.)
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Protogynous Hermaphrodites: Animals that are can change their sex from female to male (Biological Diversity, n.d.).
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Repopulate: to populate (something) again (Dictionary.com, 2022)
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Species: A group of animals or plants that are similar and can produce young animals or plants (Dictionary.com, 2022)
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Predator: An animal that lives by eating and killing other animals. (Merrium Webster, 2022)
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References
Resources
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AIMS. (2012, October). The Great Barrier Reef has lost half of its coral in the last 27 years: Aims.gov.au. Retrieved From https://www.aims.gov.au/docs/media/latest-releases/-/asset_publisher/8Kfw/content/2-october-2012-the-great-barrier-reef-has-lost-half-of-its-coral-in-the-last-27-years
Beurteaux, D. (2020, March 20). This fish is “king of the reef.” But high-end diners may change that. Animals; National Geographic. Retrieved From https://www.nationalgeographic.com/animals/article/facial-recognition-humphead-wrasse-disappearing#:~:text=The%20king%20of%20the%20coral,a%20victim%20of%20illegal%20fishing.
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Brumbaugh, R (2017, May 22). World Bank Blogs: Sustainable tourism can drive the blue economy: Investing in ocean health is synonymous with generating ocean wealth. Retrieved From https://blogs.worldbank.org/voices/Sustainable-Tourism-Can-Drive-the-Blue-Economy
Center for Biological Diversity (2021). Natural History Retrieved From https://www.biologicaldiversity.org/species/fish/humphead_wrasse/natural_history.html
CITES. (2018, June 14). Retrieved From https://www.iucn.org/commissions/ssc-groups/fishes/grouper-and-wrasse-specialist-group/humphead-wrasse/cites
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Cheilinus undulatus. (2017, May 09). Retrieved From https://www.floridamuseum.ufl.edu/discover-fish/species-profiles/cheilinus-undulatus/
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CoP13 Prop. 33 -p. 1 CoP13 Prop. 33 CONSIDERATION OF PROPOSALS FOR AMENDMENT OF APPENDICES I AND II. (n.d.). Retrieved From https://cites.org/sites/default/files/eng/cop/13/prop/E13-P33.pdf
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CRCP. (2015). NOAA’s Coral Reef Conservation Program (CRCP) - Conservation: International Engagement. Retrieved From Noaa.gov. https://coralreef.noaa.gov/conservation/international.html
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Dennis, B. (2021, October 27). Why the death of coral reefs could be devastating for millions of humans. Retrieved From https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/energy-environment/wp/2016/11/09/why-the-death-of-coral-reefs-could-be-devastating-for-millions-of-humans/
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Dictionary. (2022). Dictionary.com. Retrieved From https://www.dictionary.com/
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Editors, B. B., By:, & Editors, B. (2017, December 26). Keystone Species - Definition and Examples. Retrieved From https://biologydictionary.net/keystone-species/
Emily Osterloff (2022) Natural History Museum: Mutualism: Eight examples of species that work together to get ahead. Retrieved from https://www.nhm.ac.uk/discover/mutualism-examples-of-species-that-work-together.html
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Fisheries, N. (2019, October 03). Coral Reefs in the Pacific. Retrieved From
https://www.fisheries.noaa.gov/pacific-islands/ecosystems/coral-reefs-pacific
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IUCN (2016, February 3). Why protect? IUCN. https://www.iucn.org/commissions/ssc-groups/fishes/grouper-and-wrasse-specialist-group/humphead-wrasse/why-protect
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International Union for Conservation of Nature (2018, June 14). Humphead Wrasse. Retrieved From https://www.iucn.org/commissions/ssc-groups/fishes/grouper-and-wrasse-specialist-group/humphead-wrasse
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International Whaling Commission.(2022) Habitat Degradation
Retrieved From https://iwc.int/habitat-degradation
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MarineBio Conservation Society. (2021, June 12). Endangered Species Still Being Sold For Food. Retrieved From https://www.marinebio.org/endangered-species-still-being-sold-for-food/
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MarineBio Conservation Society. (2021, February 07). Humphead Wrasse. Retrieved From https://www.marinebio.org/species/humphead-wrasses/cheilinus-undulatus/
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National Aquarium (2021, December 7). National Aquarium; Humphead Wrasse. Retrieved From https://aqua.org/explore/animals/humphead-wrasse
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National Geographic Society. (2019, June 06). Extinction. Retrieved From https://www.nationalgeographic.org/encyclopedia/extinction/
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National Geographic Society. (2012, October 09). Habitat. Retrieved From https://www.nationalgeographic.org/encyclopedia/habitat/
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Robert Gillett (2010) FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture: MONITORING AND MANAGEMENT OF THE HUMPHEAD WRASSE, CHEILINUS UNDULATUS. Retrieved From https://www.fao.org/3/i1707e/i1707e.pdf
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Russell, B. (. (2004, April 30). The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Retrieved from
https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/4592/11023949#population
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Sharma, U (2018, April 23). What would happen if all coral reefs died. Business Insider; Insider. https://www.businessinsider.com/what-if-all-coral-reefs-died-off-2017-12
US Department of Commerce, N. O. (2012, August 01). What is Ocean Acidification? Retrieved from https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/acidification.html
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US EPA | (2017, January 30). Threats to Coral Reefs. Retrieved From https://www.epa.gov/coral-reefs/threats-coral-reefs
Voutour (2020, May 14) Save Our Seas Foundation. Endangered fish thrive in newly announced MPA’s.
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World Wildlife Fund (2022)Everything You Need to Know About Coral Bleaching-And How We Can Stop It. Retrieved From https://www.worldwildlife.org/pages/everything-you-need-to-know-about-coral-bleaching-and-how-we-can-stop-it
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World Wildlife Fund (2022). Humphead Wrasse Retrieved From https://www.worldwildlife.org/species/humphead-wrasse
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World Wildlife Fund| Places | WWF. (2021). Coral Triangle https://www.worldwildlife.org/places/coral-triangle#:~:text=WWF%20works%20to%20create%20a,for%20resilience%20against%20climate%20change.
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Image Resources
Aquarium of the Pacific (2022). Coral Reefs: Nature’s Underwater Cities. Aquariumofpacific.org. https://www.aquariumofpacific.org/exhibits/coralreefs
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Biological Diversity (2022) Humphead Wrasse. Retrieved from https://www.biologicaldiversity.org/species/fish/humphead_wrasse/index.html
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CITES. (2018, June 14). Retrieved from https://www.iucn.org/commissions/ssc-groups/fishes/grouper-and-wrasse-specialist-group/humphead-wrasse/cites
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Center for Biological Diversity. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.biologicaldiversity.org/about/logo/
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Coastal Care (2019). Coral bleaching hits 93% of Great Barrier Reef, Video | Coastal Care. Retrieved From https://coastalcare.org/2016/04/coral-bleaching-hits-93-of-great-barrier-reef-video/
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Coral Reef Alliance. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.cefdesigns.com/coral-reef-alliance/hpybt12eembmyykewgm1mc60gjlr1u
Donate to sustain our Arts and Conservation. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.redrocksinitiative.org/
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Endangered Species Conservation. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.worldwildlife.org/
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Green, A. Humphead Maori Wrasse, Cheilinus undulatus Rüppell 1835. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://fishesofaustralia.net.au/home/species/2962
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Humphead_Wrasse_8.13.2012_Revised_Hero_Image_HI_111751.jpg. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.worldwildlife.org/photos/humphead_wrasse_8-13-2012_revised_hero_image_hi_111751-jpg
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Idol, J., Reden, C., Shiffman, D., Smith, M., & Beasley, C. (n.d.). Sea Watch: Where to Dive with Humphead Wrasse. Retrieved from https://www.scubadiving.com/sea-watch-where-to-dive-with-humphead-wrasse
Johnson, L. (2020, December 20). Interesting Facts About the Humphead Wrasse. Retrieved from https://slightlyblue.com/nature/interesting-facts-about-the-humphead-wrasse/
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No Results Found. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.hawaiiecoliving.com/best-hawaii-ecotourism-guide/ecotourism-website-guide/the-international-ecotourism-society/
Post Magazine (2019, June 08). The Humphead wrasse: one of the world’s most endangered coral reef fish, and a delicacy for affluent Chinese diners. Retrieved From https://www.scmp.com/magazines/post-magazine/long-reads/article/3013237/humphead-wrasse-one-worlds-most-endangered-coral
Kota Kinabalu. (2022). Humphead Wrasse - Picture of Fish Market Restaurant. Retrieved from https://www.tripadvisor.com/LocationPhotoDirectLink-g298307-d12439943-i274729102-Fish_Market_Restaurant-Kota_Kinabalu_Kota_Kinabalu_District_West_Coast_.html
Intravco, A. (2016, September 23). Humphead wrasse or Napoleon fish. Retrieved from https://intravco.wordpress.com/2016/09/23/humphead-wrasse-or-napoleon-fish/
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Padi (2015, August 11). The Colossal Humphead Wrasse. Retrieved From https://blog.padi.com/the-colossal-humphead-wrasse/
Critter Facts (2018, November 8). Humphead Wrasse Facts. Retrieved From https://critterfacts.com/humpheadwrasse/
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Reef Life Foundation. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.guidestar.org/profile/81-3695216
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Scarborough, J. (2021). Humphead Wrasse – Cheilinus undulatus – Scuba Travel Blog. Scubatravel.com. Retrieved From https://blog.scubatravel.com/findex-with-jim/humphead-wrasse-cheilinus-undulatus/
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Seafood Source (2022). App developers hope to end trade in endangered napoleon wrasse in Hong Kong. Retrieved From https://www.seafoodsource.com/news/environment-sustainability/app-developers-hope-to-end-trade-in-endangered-napoleon-wrasse-in-hong-kong
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Slezak, M. (2017, June 20). Worst global coral bleaching event eases, as experts await next one. The Guardian; The Guardian.
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The Maritime Executive. (2016, March 20). Humphead Wrasse Trade On-Going Despite Regulations. Retrieved from https://www.maritime-executive.com/article/humphead-wrasse-trade-on-going-despite-regulations
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